History of the Universe

   

  Basic Information  

   

  Further Information  

   

  Other Hotu Pages  

   

  Questions  

   

  Edit  

Physical Environment > Galaxies

Earlier  13 Billion Years ago Later

Google

'Hole' in space spotted


Tuesday, May 4, 1999
Astronomers have spotted a "hole" in space. The region of the Milky Way they examined contains a myriad of stars, yet none can be seen over a large, black area.

100 Billion Suns : The Birth, Life, and Death of the Stars

Click for details
Rudolf Kippenhahn
April 1993


After the First Three Minutes : The Story of Our Universe

Click for details
T. Padmanabhan
March 1998
How does our Universe evolve? And how did structures like stars and galaxies form? In recent years, scientists’ understanding of these profound questions has developed enormously. This book presents a clear and detailed picture of contemporary cosmology for the general reader.


Astronomical Society of the Pacific


For over a hundred years, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific has worked to explain the mysteries of the universe to students, teachers, hobbyists, and the general public. As the largest general astronomy society in the world, our membership represents a community joined by its love of the heavens and a desire to share that enjoyment.


Astronomy : A Beginner's Guide to the Universe

Click for details
Steve McMillan, Eric J. Chaisson
January 1998


Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe

Click for details
Jay M. Pasachoff
August 1997
Fat textbook on astronomy


Build a Telescope: Galileo

Click for details
Galileo looked to the stars in wonder. His curiosity put Earth in its place when he finally convinced the world that the sun is the center of our universe. Explore the planets and stars like the first astronomers. Make a telescope modeled on Galileo's 16th century designs. Recreate the world's first thermometer, and investigate the motion of pendulums.


Complete Space and Astronomy CD-ROM

Click for details


Cosmic Crusader Science Kit

Click for details
For star-seekers big and small, the Cosmic Crusader is an adult-quality telescope at a child's toy price. The sturdily constructed telescope comes equipped with a dozen hallmarks of good design, including a top-scope 6x target finder; easily interchangeable 50x and 100x lenses; a diagonal mirror housing for more comfortable periscope viewing; a big focus knob; and a sturdy metal tripod. The kit includes a separate star-finder map that lights up in the dark and comes with four maps for each season plus a map of the moon. The Crusader works best with a table to perch it on (the tripod's only 12 inches tall) and, of course, a clear night. (Ages 8 and older)

Galactic Collision Simulation


This program simulates the events that occur when two galaxies cross paths. In the seventies, through computer simulations, it was possible to prove that galactic structures (i.e. spiral arms, bridges of matter, etc.) result from the mutual gravitational attraction. This program is the Java version of that simulator.


Galactic Explorer (50x-100x Refracting Telescope)

Click for details
This lightweight, attractive, plastic telescope is 24 inches long and has a 45mm objective doublet lens (the wide end of the instrument). A pair of eyepieces, one for 50x magnification and the other for 100x, are easily attached to a diagonal mirror housing, through which refracted images transpose to right-side-up positions for viewing. A floor-standing tripod is full-size, and an attached finderscope makes it easy to get your bearings while looking up at the night sky. Images are crisp and startlingly large to look at. This is a fine first telescope for any child eager for a deeper look at what's out there. Moon-viewing tips are included with the instructions. Assembly is simple and quick. (Ages 8 and older)

Galaxies



Half of Dark Matter in universe is White Dwarf Stars


Astronomers have identified swarms of dead stars they think could form part of the mysterious and unseen component of the Universe referred to as dark matter. Only a few percent of the mass of the cosmos can be directly observed. The rest - the "missing mass" - is detectable only because of its gravitational influence on the objects we can see. Now, a detailed analysis of images of a selected region of the southern sky has revealed 38 previously unseen white-dwarf stars, believed to be part of an extensive halo of old stellar objects enveloping our Milky Way galaxy. These cosmic cinders, although hot, are little bigger than the Earth and are therefore not easy to detect. But if, as now seems likely, these objects are spread evenly throughout the halo, they could account for 3-35% of the missing mass The researchers scoured 30-year-old photographic plates of regions of the southern sky that had recently been computerised at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, UK. Searching through about 10% of the data, the team found 92 suspicious objects. Follow-up observations from the Cerro Tololo Observatory in Chile revealed that 38 of these targets were previously unseen white-dwarf stars within 450 light-years of Earth. According to the scientists, what they have found may be just the tip of an astronomical iceberg. More than 99% of stars, including our Sun, end their lives as white dwarfs - they are hot, dark spheres that have exhausted their nuclear fuel. And it is estimated that the stars detected in this new survey are ancient, at least 10 billion years old. There must be many, many more out there. Co-researcher Ben Oppenheimer, from the University of California at Berkeley, US, said: "We've found a previously undetected population of stars in the galactic halo that represents a fraction of the baryonic dark matter in the galaxy. "This raises a lot of questions about our understanding of the star formation history of the galaxy and the basic processes of star formation." And Didier Saumon, of Vanderbilt University, US, added: "These cool, white dwarfs are the fossils of the early population of halo stars. There is much to learn about how galaxies form, and about how stars form in the process, from studying these white dwarfs."

Hubble homes in on black hole


Thursday, October 28, 1999
Astronomers have obtained their first glimpse of the mysterious region near a black hole at the centre of a distant galaxy.

From the black hole a powerful stream of subatomic particles travel outward at nearly the speed of light. They form a jet that is nearly straight for thousands of light-years.

The astronomers used also radio telescopes in Europe and the United States to make the most detailed images ever of the centre of the galaxy M87, some 50 million light-years away.



Inflatable Stellar Globe

Click for details
This 16-inch-diameter inflatable globe/ball--one of a series--maps the entire night sky from Cygnus to Sirius and back again. It's not designed for picky astronomers, since some of the constellations are a funny shape and the naming/nonnaming of stars is a bit illogical. Nonetheless, there's an amazing amount to learn here, as you bounce the universe off a wall, including dozens of constellations, stars, galaxies and star clusters, plus their relation to the Milky Way. Comes with a small, vinyl patch repair kit. Since the valve is at the Pole Star, it's also easy to hang up. (Ages 3 to 7)


Instant Constellation Creations Science Set

Click for details
There's nothing like turning a ceiling into a night sky to spark a child's imagination (or an adult's for that matter!). It's easy to create a galaxy of glowing constellations--including Libra, Orion, and Cassiopeia--with this comprehensive kit. Just tape or hold the constellation maps to the ceiling and place the glow-in-the-dark star stickers through the stenciled holes. (Use a wall if the ceiling's out of reach.) Remove the sheets, turn out the lights, and watch your stars twinkle in the dark. Sheets indicate adjoining constellations to help you create an accurate galaxy. The self-adhesive stickers are easy to remove and leave no marks. Ten constellation sheets with fun facts such as distance from Earth, instructions, a glossary, and 156 self-adhesive stars are included. (Ages 6 and older)

Most distant galaxy found


Monday, June 7, 1999
Astrophysicist Wil van Breugel of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in the US has discovered the most distant galaxy yet found. It was detected because it gives off radio waves. Hidden in the galaxy is thought to be the most-distant black hole discovered so far.

NGC 2000.0


NGC 2000.0 is a modern compilation of the New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC), the Index Catalogue (IC), and the Second Index Catalogue compiled by J. L. E. Dreyer (1888, 1895, 1908). The new compilation of these classical catalogs is intended to meet the needs of present-day observers by reporting positions at equinox 2000.0 and by incorporating the corrections reported by Dreyer himself and by a host of other astronomers who have worked with the data and compiled lists of errata. The object types given are those known to modern astronomy.

It is available in machine readable form at the web site linked here. It is copyright 1989 Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. All rights reserved. This copy for scientific research only. These machine-readable data may not be used for any other purpose without specific authorization from Sky Publishing Corporation.



Redshift 3

Click for details
What star is that? Is that a star or a planet? When will the moon be exactly full?

Redshift will tell you this and much much more. This amazing program puts the solar system on your PC. Fly around, watch the skies, see a eclipse any time you want, identify stars and planets at any place on Earth. Wonderful.

Features: --
Predict and simulate events like eclipses and conjunctions from past celestial events from any viewpoint in the solar system from 5000 BC to 10,000 AD
Dynamic new interface with accessible and versatile control panels
More than 50 Astronomy Tours introduce key concepts
Integrated Internet links, including a facility to download new items direct from the special Red Shift site
Contains new edition of The Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy
Sky diary for any month the user chooses, presenting features such as meteor showers and eclipses to observe in the night sky
Record Breakers section which leads the younger user into exploration of other resources
Stunning images including planet images, photo-realistic sky images showing galaxies, nebulae and the Milky Way and detailed surface maps of the Moon, Mars, Venus and Earth



Secrets of the Night Sky : The Most Amazing Things in the Universe You Can See With the Naked Eye

Click for details
Bob Berman
March 1996


Southern Hemisphere Planetarium

Click for details
Do you know a child or an adult who lives in or takes an interest in the Southern Hemisphere? With this home version, all they have to do is turn out the lights, and they can transform their own room into a private planetarium. You can project bright stars--including Southern constellations, plus six planets (Mars shows red, and the Earth, blue)--onto the ceiling or wall; you can set the stars up for any month. The kit includes an informative 24-page English/Spanish manual and an instructional audiocassette--in English on one side and Spanish on the other. It also features a star pointer and a spare flashlight bulb--but if the lucky recipient lacks saintly patience, you should complement this home planetarium with two AA and two C batteries, which it requires but doesn't provide. Educational Design also makes the home planetarium Our Northern Hemisphere. (Ages 8 and older)


Star Gazer Planetarium

Click for details
Very, very cool. This home version of a planetarium looks as if it belongs in Captain Picard's quarters on the Enterprise. Looking a bit like a futuristic, oversized camping flashlight, this device allows one to place one of several "star domes" atop a lighted well. A separate half-dome made of white cardboard acts as a curved projection screen. The light shines up from the well through the star dome, casting replicas of different sectors of the night sky onto the screen. The base of the Star Gazer has a cassette player on which one can listen to an enclosed tape that discusses various constellations and other points of interest. A nice bonus is a red filter, which allows one to invert the star domes for outdoor night sky exploration. Otherwise, this is an indoor hobby. An activity guide gives all the details on how to get the most enjoyment and learning from this kit


Star Projector

Click for details

Starry Bulges Yield Secrets to Galaxy Growth


NASA's Hubble Space Telescope is uncovering important new clues to a galaxy's birth and growth by peering into its heart -- a bulge of millions of stars that resemble a bulbous center yolk in the middle of a disk of egg white.

Hubble astronomers are trying to solve the mystery of which came first: the stellar disk or the central bulge?



The Astronomer's Universe : Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmos

Click for details
Herbert Friedman
Herbert Friedman draws on a lifetime of experience and enthusiasm in unfolding the history of astronomical research--the new knowledge, the technology, and the sheer human genius of this thrilling branch of science.


The Astronomy Cafe : 365 Questions and Answers from 'Ask the Astronomer'

Click for details
Sten F. Odenwald
May 1998
Odenwald maintains the Astronomy Cafe web site. These are some of the questions he has answered there.


The Universe Jigsaw Puzzle

Click for details
Young and old minds alike are often puzzled by the vastness of our mysterious universe. What better way to work out these puzzles than with this beautifully illustrated jigsaw puzzle that includes many features from outer space? With pictures of planets, galaxies, comets, astronauts, and even a few UFOs, this puzzle will provide lots of fun and learning as children fit together pieces and find out what they represent. Pieces and puzzle-backs are made of wood for long life and sturdiness. Included is a full-scale photo of the completed puzzle, an aid to assembly. This puzzle is attractive enough to decorative a young astronaut's cabin and would make a welcome addition to your next space-frontier gift exploration. (Ages 4 to 6)


Buy this whole site for only $9.95!!!!

Global Vision weaves together the biggest and smallest things in the universe into a complete and enthralling story, a concise reference book, a pocket encyclopedia and an introduction to basic science. It is simpler than this web site but written by the same author in the same easily understood style, making it essential reading for all children of the 21st century world (and their parents and grandparents).

It has 128 pages and many black and white illustrations. It also includes a full index, a series of time lines and the complete text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Get your copy for US$9.95 (plus shipping).


Figure 1 Credit
Artwork by Joe Tucciarone

Galaxies of all known types fill this window on the universe. Spiral, barred spiral, elliptical and irregular galaxies swarm in this view inspired by the Hubble Deep Field.
http://members.aol.com/Dinoplanet/joe.html

Search Now:
Amazon Logo

Earlier  13 Billion Years ago Later

Physical Environment > Galaxies

   

  Basic Information  

   

  Further Information  

   

  Other Hotu Pages  

   

  Questions  

   

  Edit  


Copyright © 2007 Penny Press Ltd   
Terms and Conditions of Use and Sales