Contents of this Site

Introduction

Fundamental Questions

Benefits of this Story

Big History

Dates

Themes of History

Organization of this Website

Timeline of History

Large and Small Numbers

Large and Small Objects

Origin of the Universe 13.7 bya

Energy

Energy at the Origin of the Universe

Failure of Science

Before the Big Bang

Multiverse

Vacuum

Fields

Spacetime

Inflation Epoch: Creation to 10-35 seconds

Four Fundamental Forces

Grand Unification Epoch 10-35 to 10-36 seconds

Big Bang 10-36 seconds

Quark Epoch 10-36 to 10-6 seconds

Hadron Epoch 10-6 to 1 second

Radioactivity

Exotic Particles

Lepton Epoch 1 to 10 seconds

Photon Epoch 10 seconds to 380,000 years

Fog

Interactions

Nucleosynthesis 3 to 20 minutes

Cosmic Dark Age 380 thousand to 150 million years

Atoms

Gas

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Galaxies

Mystery of Formation of First Galaxies

Missing Mass Problem

Dark Matter

Large Scale Structure of the Universe

Protogalaxies 100 million years

Earliest known Galaxy 13.2 bya

Structure of the Universe 12 bya

Clusters of Galaxies

Structure today

Galaxies Today

Elliptical Galaxies

Spiral Galaxies

Milky Way Galaxy

Globular Star Cluster

Disc of Galaxy

Spiral Arms

Galaxy Problems

Nucleus of Galaxy

Black Holes

Our Location within Milky Way

Stars

Birth of a Star

Open Star Clusters

What is a Star?

Binary Stars

How a Star Works

Red Giant

White Dwarf Star

Nova

Supernova

Neutron Star

Dust and Planets

Stardust

Molecules

HONC Atoms

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Water

Hydrogen Bond

Ice

Solar System 4.65 bya

Sun

Solar Disc

Planets

Formation of Solar Planets

Solar System Model

Earth

Hadean Era 4.6 to 4 bya

Earth Origin

Earth Structure

Earth Magnetic Field

Terrestrial Radioactivity

Meteorite Era

Volcanoes

Oldest Rocks 4 bya

Early Atmosphere

Liquid Water

Rain

Weathering of Rock

Archaean Era 4 to 2.5 bya

Continental Drift

The Process of Life

Protein

Amino Acids

Dry Joining

Amino Acid Chains

Enzyme

Nucleic Acid

Base Pairing

DNA Structure

Making Protein

Process of Life

Origin of Life

Reproduction

Mutation

Evolution

Genetic Problems

Genetic Engineering

Cells 3.9 bya?

Three Domains

Prokaryotes

Archaea 3.9 bya?

Bacteria 3.5 bya?

Fermentation

Cell Division

Chromosomes

Photosynthesis 3.5 bya

Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial Benefits

Bacterial Spores

Viruses

Paleoproterozoic Era 2.5 to 1.6 bya

Columbia Continent 2.0 to 1.2 bya

Great Oxygen Poisoning 2.4 bya

Respiration 2 bya

Ozone

Symbiosis

Eukaryotes

Mitochondrion

Protozoa

Mesoproterozoic Era 1.6 to 1 bya

Sex 1.2 bya

Algae

Colony of Algae 1 bya

Hormones

Death

Fungi

Ecosystem

Neoproterozoic Era 1000 to 542 mya

Tonian Period 1000 to 850 mya

Cryogenian Period 850 to 635 mya

Atmosphere

Ice Ages

Biological Evolution

Ediacaran Period 635 to 542 mya

Early Animals

Paleozoic Era 542 to 251 mya

Cambrian Period 542 to 488 mya

Animal Groups

Mollusk

Ordovician Period 488 to 444 mya

Vertebrates

Silurian Period 444 to 416 mya

Devonian Period 416 to 359 mya

Vertebrates

Carboniferous Period 359 to 299 mya

Permian Period 299 to 251 mya

Mesozoic Era 251 to 66 mya

Triassic Period 251 to 200 mya

Jurassic Period 200 to 146 mya

Cretaceous Period 146 to 66 mya

Extinction of Dinosaurs

Cenozoic Era 66 mya to today

Quaternary Period 2.6 mya to today

Recent Ice Age

Homo Habilis 2.5 mya

Homo Erectus 2mya

Fire 700-400 kya

Neanderthals 600 kya

Modern People 200 kya

Out of Africa 50 kya

Interglacial 11 kya

Nomads

Farmers

Neolithic Revolution 10 kya

Cities 7 to 5 kya

Cooling Began 5 kya

Kings and Peasants 5 kya

India

China

South America

Middle East

Migrations

Empires

Iron Age 3 kya

Greek inventions 2.5 kya

Roman Empire

Byzantium 1.6 kya

Dark Ages 1.5 kya

Islam 1.4 kya

Middle Ages 1 kya

Renaissance 550 ya

Printing Press 550 ya

Colonialism 550 ya

Copernicus 550 ya

Little Ice Age 550 ya

Science 350 ya

Industrial Revolution

Democracy

Capitalism

Law

Industrial Growth

Communism

New Industrial Nations

Industrial Wars

Totalitarian Dictatorships

Fascism

Nuclear Weapons

Other Technology

The Past 50 Years

Modern Technology

Computers

Continents Today

SWOT Analysis of Humanity

Strengths

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threats

Lessons for the Future

Future of Medicine

Future of Energy

Future of Humanity

Future of Climate

Future of Computers

Future of Earth

Future of the Sun

Future of Galaxy

Future of Universe

Reference Section

Acid

Adenine

ADP

Alcohol

Alkali

Alpha Helix

Amino Acids, 20 Commonest

Ammonia

Andromeda Galaxy

Angstrom Unit

Annelid Worms

Asteroids

Atmosphere

Atom Sizes

Atomic Nucleus

ATP

Bases

Blood

Bond

Bosons

Brownian Motion

Cancer

Carbohydrate

Carbon Dioxide

Cell Nucleus

Cereals

Chemical Energy

Clay

Cloning

Comets

Continental Drift - Evidence

Continental Drift Key

Continents

Coral

Coral Reefs

Core

Cosmic Rays

Crust

Deuterostomes

Dicotyledons

Diseases

El Nino

Electricity

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Energy Crisis

Energy Density

Evaporation

Fermions

Flatworms Today

Fossils

Gamma Radioactivity

Geological Time Scale

Global Warming

Names for Large Numbers

Glucose

Glycine

Golgi Complex

Heat

Helium Atom

HONC Atoms Labelled

Higgs Field

Hydrocarbon

Information

Insects

Jupiter

Laurasia

Legumes

Light-Year

Local Group of Galaxies

Magnetic Field

Magnitude of a Star

Mantle

Mars

Mass

Mass Extinctions

Matter

Mercury

Methane

Methanobacteria

Milankovitch Cycles

Mineral

Molecules on Soccearth

Moon

Muon

Nanometer

Nearest Star

Neptune

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen molecules

Noble Gas websitemark = noble

Nuclear Fission

Nucleus

Oceans

Organelles

Oxygen Molecules

Oxidation and Reduction

Paleomagnetism

Photosynthesis in Detail

Phosphate

Pictures of Atoms

Planetary Nebula

Plants

Pleiades

Pluto

Pressure

Protein Structure

Protostomes

Quantum Fluctuation

Quantum Mechanics

Quartz

Quasar

Relativity

Ribose

RNA

Rock

Salt

Sand

Saturn

Scientific Notation

Shell Model of Carbon Dioxide

Small Numbers' Names

Solar Wind

Space-Time

Standard Model of Particles

Tau

Theory

Trachoma

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Unsolved Mysteries

Universe with a capital U

Uranium

Uranus

Venus

Worms

Z redshift

External References