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Biological Environment > Photosynthesis |
This site tells the story of the history of the universe. Click Earlier and Later to follow the story. Note: Many facts have been simplified to make them easier to understand. |
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Other bacteria began to trap sunlight and use that energy to make food, such as sugar. This process is called photosynthesis, meaning light building. This was a great leap forward. Sunlight-using bacteria appeared soon after the first cells did, about 3.5 billion years ago, and sunlight has been the main source of energy for all life ever since. These bacteria are called blue-green bacteria. Fossil structures called stromatolites have been found from this date, and are believed to have been made by these bacteria.
As they captured sunlight energy to make sugar so carbon dioxide and water were taken in, and oxygen was given out. This oxygen had a huge effect upon the whole world. Today we obtain almost all of our food from plants, or from animals which have eaten plants, and so we ought to know a bit about how photosynthesis works. It is a fascinating story of molecular changes. First a molecule called chlorophyll is able to absorb the energy of light and some of its electrons become excited, that is, they move faster than before. Eventually one of these electrons leaves the chlorophyll and passes to an electron acceptor (or oxidizing agent). We will follow its progress in a moment. Meanwhile the chlorophyll is able to get an electron back by taking one from a water molecule. There is good evidence that two or more manganese atoms in association with protein can take four electrons from two water molecules. This releases four protons, which we will also follow in a moment. The by-product of this is that two oxygen atoms, which originally formed part of the water molecules, are left without their hydrogen. These can be joined together, by enzymes, to form a molecule of oxygen O2. Some of these freed protons are captured, by the electrons, and tied to a molecule called NADPH. The rest of the electrons are carried by floating molecules across an oily membrane to the other side, so forming an electrical field across the membrane. Embedded within the membrane are molecules shaped like tunnels. The electrical field makes protons flow down this tunnel, attracted by the electrons on the other side, and as they pass the protons generate molecules of ATP, the main energy carrying molecule in life. In a series of reactions known as the Calvin cycle, the energy of these ATP molecules is used to join carbon dioxide molecules together into sugars. This requires the addition of protons, which are carried by the NADPH molecules which we saw formed earlier in the photosynthesis process. The Calvin cycle does not require light, only the ATP and NADPH formed earlier by using light energy. That, then, is the fantastic and beautiful molecular process we all rely upon for our food, called photosynthesis. |
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Biological Environment > Photosynthesis |
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Basic Information |
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