Iron

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Note: Many facts have been simplified to make them easier to understand.
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Iron is a type of atom which was created in red giant stars. Iron atoms are believed to be common at the center of the Earth.

Iron played a key part in the development of civilization.
Usually it was a new invention or a new technology which allowed a nation to conquer an empire. Iron is much harder than bronze, so when the knowledge of how to make iron tools and weapons spread from the Middle East, it led to a new round of wars and invasions.
Nomads on the central Asian steppe had domesticated horses around 5500 years ago. They got milk and meat from horses and learnt to ride on horse back. They became expert warriors, able to fire arrows from a charging horse. At this time, about 3000 years ago, horse-riding nomads left the steppe, causing more migrations and wars.

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